Confounding Patterns
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![5 Real-World Examples of Confounding [With References] – QUANTIFYING HEALTH](https://quantifyinghealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Confounding-theoretical-representation-768x392.png)





















































![5 Real-World Examples of Confounding [With References] – QUANTIFYING HEALTH](https://quantifyinghealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Confounding-effect-of-smoking-on-alcohol-and-lung-cancer-768x292.png)




































+Confounding+%E2%80%93+When+the+levels+of+one+factor+are+associated+with+the+levels+of+another+factor+so+their+effects+cannot+be+separated%2C+we+say+that+these+two+factors+are+confounded.jpg)















![The structure of confounding. Source: Jager et al. [13] | Download ...](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362300539/figure/download/fig1/AS:1182649628540928@1658977052241/The-structure-of-confounding-Source-Jager-et-al-13.png)
